CipherSteps

Cipher methods, sources, and limits

Every method page names the version used by its tool. Letter-based ciphers use A–Z unless the page says otherwise. Morse follows its supported character table and ITU timing ratios. Examples are checked in both directions, including cases with repeated column keys or incomplete rows. The tools show merged letters and Playfair fillers because decoding cannot always restore the exact original message.

Where the rules come from

Method pages link to standards or references where they are used. The worked examples, classroom clues, and worksheet phrase sets were written for CipherSteps. Check a page’s variant before comparing it with another tool: a 26-letter Baconian alphabet, an I/J Polybius square, a C/K Tap Code square, or a different ordering of tied column keys can change the result.

Valid Affine Cipher Keys and Modular Inverses →Text Normalization for Ciphers →Cipher vs. Code: What Is the Difference? →Columnar Transposition with Repeated Key Letters →Letter Frequency Analysis: Counts and Percentages →Modulo 26: How Cipher Letters Wrap Around →Morse Code Timing: Dots, Dashes, Gaps, and WPM →Substitution vs. Transposition Ciphers →

Operated by CipherSteps.

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